Wet Granulation Advantages And Disadvantages Biology Essay

Wet Granulation Advantages And Disadvantages Biology Essay In this lab three different sets of tablets were produced i.e soft, medium and hard using different processes which mainly included i.e Direct Compression Vs Wet Massing ,different excipients which included (Lactose Vs Calcium Phosphate) and different binders which included (PVP Vs Klucel). Once all the tablets were produced by the above mentioned varying processes, excipients and binders they were studied and compared to see how they would influence a range of tablet testing parameters such as uniformity of weight, friability, crushing strength disintegration time. Introduction: A tablet is perhaps the oldest and the most common pharmaceutical dosage form. Its popularity is due to its convince in the administration of the drug without the help or supervision of a health care practitioner, thus providing patients freedom and a very cost effective means of providing a reproducible medication. A tablet seldom consists of only the active ingredient. In fact , a tablet represents a mixture of one or more active ingredients with a number of inactive ingredients or excipients. There are many reasons for formulating a tablet product with excipients, ranging from management of small dosage amounts of active ingredients to esthetic resons of colour and shape of a product. However, the most fundamental and critical objective of a tablet product is to provide/deliver the active ingredient accurately and reproducibly. Therefore, from this perspective, a tablet is now commonly considered as a drug delivery device (Ahmed, 2000). However all tablets are made by compressing a particulate solid between two punches in a die of a tablet press. For an active ingredient to be transformed into tablets of satisfactory quality , the formulation must have three essential attributes. First, the formulation must flow into the die space of the tablet press sufficiently rapidly and in a reproductible manner Second, the particles in the formulation must cohere when subject to a compressing force, and that coherence should remain after the compressive has been removed. Third after the compression event is complete, it must be possible for the tablet to be removed from the press without damage to either the tablet or the press. Very few active ingredients possess all three of these essentials and some posses none of them. Hence some preliminary treatment is almost invariably necessary. Methods of Tablet Manufactures: There are three main methods of tablet manufacture designed to confer the above mentioned essential attributes to a tablet formulation. Wet granulation and direct compression are the most important, with dry granulation (also termed as precompression or slugging) used in some circumstances. Fig shows the processes of wet granulation and direct compression broken down into their constituent stages. The relative simplicity of the direct compression process is immediately apparent. Ease of removal of the tablet from the press is, in theory at least, readily achieved. Friction occurs between the tablet and the die and punches of the press, which can be overcome by including a lubricant in the formulation. Hence every formulation, irrespective of the method of manufacture, will include a lubricant . This will usually be a metallic salt of a fatty acid such as magnesium stearate. The two other prerequisites-flow and cohesion-can only be achieved by more elaborate technique and are in fact the reasons why wet dry granulation processes were devised. As part of its complexity, wet granulation involves the addition of a liquid (usually water), followed by its removal, normally by evaporation. In addition to the energy requirements of this drying process, the presence of water might bring about hydrolysis of the active ingredients, which will be exacerbated at the elevated temperatures used for drying. If a major component of the formulation such as the diluents were to possess the necessary degree of fluidity and compressibility, granulation would be unnecessary. This is the basis of direct compression method of tablet manufacture. Wet Granulation: Advantages and Disadvantages: The wet granulation process is the traditional method of manufacture and is frequently used in the pharmaceutical industry. Expertise in wet granulation is widely available, as in the required equipment. The process improves flow and cohesion reduces dust and cross contamination and permits the handling of powder blends without loss of homogeneity. Though it has been practiced for many years and therefore may be perceived as an old fashioned process., it must be borne in mind that the wet franulation process has itself undergone a transformation in recent decades. High-speed mixer-granulators, fluidized bed granulation and drying and an ever increasing use of automation have served to make wet granulation a much more efficient and economic process than it once was( Marinelli, 2009). Nevertheless, the wet granulation process still retains many inherent disadvantages. Problems include choice and method of addition of the binder and the effect of drying time and temperature on drug stability and its distribution within the solid mass. Direct Compression Process: Advantages and Disadvantages The most striking feature of the direct compression process is its simplicity and hence economy. Less equipment is required and the number of stages in the process, each of which will require validation, is greatly reduced. There are also lower labour costs, reduced processing time and lower power consumption. On top of that since direct compression is a dry procedure therefore there would be no need for a drying stage. Thus, exposure to water and the elevated temperatures needed to remove that water are avoided, resulting in a decreased risk of deterioration of the active ingredient. A further advantage of DC is that tablets disintegrate into their primary particles rather than granular aggregates. The resultant increase in surface area available for dissolution should result in faster drug release. On the other hand talking about disadvantages, the primary limitation on the use of direct compression is that it depends on the fluidity and compressibility of tablet diluents. Therefor e it cannot be used for low potency, high dose active ingredients, where the inclusion of sufficient diluents in the formulation to permit direct compression would lead to unacceptably large tablets. Thus, active ingredients such as paracetamol and aspirin do not tend themselves to the DC process. However, as stated earlier, such ingredients are often available in pregranulated form (Holm, 2009) Thus considering the different ways to produce tablet it is also important to mention here that there has also been an increased emphasis in developing tablets that provide controlled disintegration/release process of the active ingredient.. These tablets are hence known by different names such as slow,extended, controlled, sustained or delayed release tablets to reflect their drug release characteristics. These modified drug release products provide further convenience to patients by reduced frequency of drug administration, thus increasing the chance of compliance as well. However for establishing the quality of a tablet product, the fundamentals remain the same i.e to ascertain that the product delivers the intended active ingredient in an accurate and reproducible manner. Therefore, tablet testing can be broadly divided into three aspects or categories: Confirmation of the nature of the active ingredient and the product ( Identity, quantity, impurities, integrity etc) Establishing pharmaceutical availability of the active moiety both in vitro and in vivo in humans and if required also in animals. Establishing stability profiles to achieve shelf life. Testing of nature of the tablet products: As a consequence one seeks to establish whether the tablets are within specifications, for example the nature of the active ingredients (identification) expected amount (assay) purity (related compounds) and uniformity of the amount of drug from tablet to tablet (uniformity of dosage units). Commonly these testing procedures are described in pharmacopeias under a specific name. In addition to these tests some other tests such as friability, hardness, disintegration etc are also conducted and will be described as below Uniformity of Dosage Units (B.P Pharmacopoeial Tests) This test is conducted to establish consistency in the content of active ingredient from tablet to tablet. There are generally two approaches taken in establishing this: weight variation or content uniformity. If the active ingredient represents not less than 50% weight of the tablet and greater than 50 mg, then one may establish uniformity of dosage units using the weight variation method. A sample of 10 tablets are weighed individually and results of these weighing are recorded. In the case of the content uniformity approach, a sample of 10 tablets are individually analyzed using the analytical method described under the assay procedure. It is mandatory to use content uniformity for tablets with less than 50 mg of active ingredient and/ or representing less than 50% total mass of the tablets. The content uniformity approach is preferred over the weight variation approach as it more precisely reflects the variation of the active ingredient from tablet to tablet. The required specifi cation for this test is that uniformity of dosage unit should be within a range of 85%-115% with a relative standard deviation of less than or equal to 6% (Holm, 2009) Friability ( Non B.P Pharmacopoeial Test) This test is intended to determine, under defined conditions, the friability of uncoated tablets, the phenomenon whereby tablet surfaces are damaged and/or show evidence of lamination or breakage when subjected to mechanical shock or attrition. Commercially available apparatuses known as friabilators are used for the test. Basically, it consists of a drum with diameter between 283mm and 291mm and having width of 36 mm-40 mm, made of transparent plastic material The drum is attached to the horizontal axis of a device that rotates at 25_1 rpm. The tablets are tumbled at each turn of the drum by a curve projection with an inside radius of 75.5 mm-85.5mm that extends from middle of the drum to outer wall. Thus, at each turn, the tablets roll or slide and fall onto the drum wall or onto each other. Usually, a sample of 10 tablets are tested at a time, unless tablet weight is 0.65 g or less, where 20 tablets are tested. After 100 turns, the tablet samples are evaluated by weighing. If the reduction in the total mass of the tablets is more than 1%, the tablets fail the friability test. Generally, the test is done once. If cracked, cleaved, or broken tablets are obvious, then the sample also fails the test (Marinelli, 2009). Hardness Testing ( Non B.P Pharmacopoeial Test) A tablet requires a certain amount of mechanical strength to withstand the shocks of handling in its manufacturing, packing, shipping, and dispensing. As discussed before, hardness and friability are most common measures used to evaluate tablet strength. The need for testing hardness or crushing strength, in addition to friability, may be explained with an analogy that friability determines how fragile a tablet is. If a tablet is more fragile than expected, then the friability test will detect its substandard quality. However, on the other hand, if the tablets are more robust than desired, a friability test would not detect this deficiency. It is the tablet hardness test that will detect the deficiency (Holm, 2009) Disintegration Test (B.P Pharmacopoeial Tests) A disintegration test is a test to establish how fast a tablet disintegrates into aggregates and/or finer particles. The test assumes that if product disintegrates within a short period of time, such as within 5 min, then the drug would be released as expected and one should not anticipate a problem in the quality of a drug product. Although this test is in use for some products in pharmacopeias, its use is generally diminishing in favor of drug dissolution testing (Holm, 2009) Materials Methods: Please refer to the Pharmaceutics Handbook for MPharm Year2 4.0 ) Results Discussion: A fundamental quality attribute for all pharmaceutical preparations is the requirement for a constant dose of drug between individual tablets. In practice, small variations between individual preparations are accepted and the limits for this variation are defined as standards in pharmacopoeias. For tablets, uniformity of dose or dose variation is tested in two separate tests: uniformity of weight and uniformity of active ingredient. These either reflect indirectly or measure directly the amount of drug substance in the tablet. Uniformity of active ingredient: The uniformity of active ingredient is carried out by ensuring a constant dose of drug between individual tablets. Traditionally, dose variation between tablets is tested in two separate tests; 1- Weight uniformity 2- Content uniformity If the drug forms greater part of the tablet, any variation in the tablet weight obviously indicates a variation in the active ingredient. (Weight uniformity test) If the drug is potent (USP specifies 50 mg of the active ingredient or less), the excipients form the greater part of the tablet weight and the correlation between the tablet weight and amount of the active ingredient can be poor, in this case another test (Content uniformity) must be performed (Holm, 2009) In this lab report the weight uniformity test was carried out (which is one of BP requirements) and the following results were obtained. The below table also shows the maximum and minimum percentage error. Table 4.1: Shows the calculated values for CV% along with maximum and minimum % error for various tablets produced by different processes, binders and excipients. Method Excipient Binder Mean / mg Range / mg % Error    CV% Min Max Min Max Direct Compression Lactose 169 164 173 2.95 2.36 1.7 Direct Compression Calcium Phosphate 146 141 148 3.42 1.36 1.5 Wet Massing Lactose PVP 122 120 125 1.63 2.45 1.4 Wet Massing Calcium Phosphate PVP 175 172 179 1.71 2.20 1.2 Wet Massing Lactose Klucel 118 116 119 1.69 0.84 0.9 Wet Massing Calcium Phosphate Klucel 149 142 154 4.69 3.35 2.88 Thus by the help of the above table 4.1 it can be clearly seen that all the tablets produced by different processes, different binders and different excipients are within the percentage max and min error show values below 6% of CV% thus all of them have passed the weight uniformity test. Different Binders: Binders are the substances which are added either dry or in wet- form to form granules or to form cohesive compacts for directly compressed tablets. An ideal binder should have good binding properties, as determined by compressibility under pressure, high plasticity, low elasticity and small particle size. Small particle size facilitates even distribution of the binder through the inter-particulate void spaces in a tablet. Uniform binder distribution in the tablet results in decreased pore structure and subsequent enhancement in tablet crushing strength. To reduce friability, a binder with highly plastic properties (high deformability) is essential. A further requirement for a good binder is low hygroscopicity. Excessive uptake of moisture (greater than 5 percent) or high moisture content can lead to instability and sticking during production (Summers, 2002) There are many excipients used as binders in the direct compression; these include hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), methylcellulose (MC), povidone (PVP), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), and starches and their derivatives, such as pregelatinized and granulated starches. These polymers differ in their physico-chemical, mechanical and morphological characteristics. For direct compression, studies suggest highly compactable, plastic, fine particle size binders facilitate compression of drugs at relatively low filler-to-drug ratios, therefore representing ideal properties for tablet binders(Summers, 2002) The two different binders that were used in this lab were PVP Klucel XPF. In order to study the effects of different binders the following two figs will be used. Fig one represents the friability disintegration time Vs Hardness for tablets produced by wet massing with PVP as a binder and Lactose as a filler. Fig 4.1) Shows relationship between friability, hardness disintegration time for tablet produced by the process (wet massing) , excipient (Lactose) binder (PVP) Friability : 1.05 % Hardness: 3.75 Kp Disintegration Time: 2.12 decimal mins The above figure represents the friability, Disintegration time and Hradness for a tablet produced the process of wet massing in the presence of lactose (as an excipient) and PVP as a binder. The value of friability as percentage drops from 2% to about 0.75 % as the hardness increases. This is because as friability is the ability to form fines or fragments of the original tablet and since the hardness of the tablet is increasing therefore consequently less fragmentation of the tablet would occur/ take place. On the other hand however the values for disintegration time augments from 0 to 4.5 with an increase in the value of hardness. This is due to the fact that compacts develop mechanical strength by creation of a surface bonding area between particles. This is mainly achieved by irreversible particle deformation that flattens initial asperity. The decrease of particle surface roughness enables molecular forces to act. Thus, the indentation hardness can be considered as that portion of the compression pressure that contributes to the formation of interparticulate contacts. Accordingly (Hiestand, 2000) proposed the tablet hardness to correspond to the magnitude of the bonding active compression pressure considering these arguments for the strengthening mechanism of tablets, the direct link between hardness and bonding points seems to be a reasonable theoretical approach. Fig 4.2) Shows relationship between friability, hardness disintegration time for tablet produced by the process (wet massing) , excipient (Lactose) binder (Klucel) Optimum Hardness: 6.5 Kp Optimum Friability: 2.70% Optimum Disintegration Time: 3.45 (time/ decimal mins) The above figure represents the friability, Disintegration time and Hardness for a tablet produced the process of wet massing in the presence of lactose (as an excipient) and Klucel as a binder. From the above figure 4.2 it can be seen that with increased hardness of the tablet the value of the friability drops down. Whereas a direct relationship can be seen between the hardness and disintegration time. Comparing the above two fig 4.1 and 4.2 , it can be seen that fig 4.2 has an optimum hardness value of 6.5 whereas that for fig 4.1 has a hardness value of 3.75 .In a similar fashion there is a difference in the values of optimum disintegration time too with fig 4.2 showing higher disintegration time in comparison to that showed by fig 4.1.This difference in the optimum hardness value is due to the difference of binders. From the obtained results it can be seen that using Klucel results in optimum hardness much high in comparison to when PVP is used. But the value for optimum friability is less i.e 1.05% when PVP is used in comparison to Klucel (friability value is 2.70%). In a similar fashion the values for disintegration time is less for tablets produced by PVP whereas it is high for tablets produced by Klucel . Hence from the results obtained above the PVP seems to be a superior binder in comparison to Klucel in terms of lower friability and less disintegration time period. Fig 4.3) Shows relationship between friability, hardness disintegration time for tablet produced by the process (wet massing) , excipient (Calcium Phosphate ) binder (PVP) Optimum Hardness: 5.8 Kp Optimum Friability: 0.78% Optimum Disintegration Time: 0.38 (time/ decimal mins) Fig 4.4) Shows relationship between friability, hardness disintegration time for tablet produced by the process (wet massing) , excipient (Calcium Phosphate ) binder (Klucel) Optimum Hardness: 1.4 Kp Optimum Friability: 0% Optimum Disintegration Time: 0.2 (time/ decimal mins) From fig 4.4 it can be seen that the friability behaves quite unexpectedly with increasing hardness. Normally with the tablets, the increase of compression force causes a reduction of friability. The value of friability falls down from 2.75 % to 0 but then starts to rise again as the hardness augments to 5 Kp. One of the possible explanation for this trend could be due to the fact that When the compression force increases, the particles deform plastically and the tablets become harder and less friable But at higher compression forces the friability of the tablets seemed to increase again although the crushing strength remain stable. This could be explained by some fragmentation of the system. Thus again by the help of the above two fig 4.3 and 4.8 it can be clearly seen that the results obtained in this comparison case are opposite to the results obtained by the help of the fig 4.1 4.2. PVP yielded tablets which have higher optimum hardness in comparison to those produced by Klucel. A similar case is with friability and disintegration time too. Thus in this case Klucel stands out to be a superior binder (with respect to low friability and disintegration value). However literarure (Ahmed, 2000) shows that K90 grade for PVP used in this lab (more viscous in comparison to that of Klucel) should produce harder granules. Furthermore using a high grade for PVP like K90 , which is highly viscous, would result in higher dissolution time and hence high disintegration time, which would also consequence in the production of harder tablets. Thus the harder the tablet are the lower friability they would have. Klucel on other hand is less viscous, therefore is will produce softer granules hence softer tablets (therefore low disintegration time and high friability of the tablets will be observed) But this case is not entirely true in all circumstances, as it depends on the grades of the binders used. For example some (Summers, 2002) shows that some grades of Klucel exhibits a unique combination of thermoplasticity with organic solvent or aqueous solubility, allowing tough tablet preparation using many different formulation techniques. Furthermore a tougher binder with a high degree of plastic flow provides better friability performance. In addition, such binder characteristics allow a tableting process to run at a higher compaction speed without capping process. Beyond unmatched tablet hardness and friability, benefits of tableting with Klucel include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lower compression and ejection forces; and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reduction or elimination of tablet capping. On top of this (Boyle) also shows that Klucel can be used at lower use levels to yield superior tablets, compared to tablets with higher binders levels of HPMC, MC, PVP (Grade K 70) and pre-gelatinized starch. (Aqualon) also stated that High-dose acetaminophen formulations using lower levels of poorer binder like PVP (K70) resulted in poorer formulations due to capping. Furthermore, Klucel (Low Grade) has low viscosity due to which it has much lower (almost twice less) the dissolution time in comparison to that for PVP (grade K70). This has a direct impact on disintegration. Thus the lower the dissolution time is, the faster it will disintegrate (hence will show fast effect) (Marinelli, 2009) Different Excipients: In this lab only two different types of excipients were used i.e Lactose and Calcium Phosphate Fig 4.5) Shows relationship between friability, hardness disintegration time for tablet produced by the process (wet massing) , excipient (Lactose) binder (PVP) Optimum Hardness: 3.78Kp Optimum Friability: 1.1 % Optimum Disintegration Time: 2.15 (time/ decimal mins) Fig 4.6) Shows relationship between friability, hardness disintegration time for tablet produced by the process (wet massing) , excipient (Calcium Phosphate ) binder (PVP) Optimum Hardness: 5.80 Kp Optimum Friability: 0.78% Optimum Disintegration Time: 0.38 (time/ decimal mins) By the help of the fig 4.5 and 4.6 it can be clearly seen that the value of optimum hardness (for lactose) 3.78 Kp is quite low in comparison to the value of optimum hardness 5.80Kp for tablets which had calcium phosphate as main excipient. However the same figures also show that lactose has a higher value for friability (1.1%) and disintegration time (2.15 decimal min) in comparison to those showed by calcium phosphate. (Friability 0.78%) and disintegration (0.38 time decimal mins). This difference is due to the fact that lactose is more compressible than calcium phosphate and hence requires less amount of compressible force (as this is what the obtained data suggests). However in real time it has been proposed by (Marinelli, 2009) that calcium phosphate has higher density, hence higher compressibility. Therefore in such a case low compression weight would be required to produce hard tablets with less friability. Whereas in case of lactose it has been suggested that it has lower tap ped density hence poor compressibility. This suggests that at lower pressures it will be elastic and therefore a higher compression weight will be required to produce hard tablets with lesser/lower friability. Fig 4.7) Shows relationship between friability, hardness disintegration time for tablet produced by the process (wet massing) , excipient (Lactose) binder (Klucel) Optimum Hardness: 6.5 Kp Optimum Friability: 2.70% Optimum Disintegration Time: 3.45 (time/ decimal mins) Fig 4.8) Shows relationship between friability, hardness disintegration time for tablet produced by the process (wet massing) , excipient (calcium phosphate) binder (Klucel) Optimum Hardness: 1.4 Kp Optimum Friability: 0% Optimum Disintegration Time: 0.2 (time/ decimal mins) Thus by the help of the figures 4.7 and 4.8 it can be seen that the results obtained for lactose and calcium phosphate are opposite to the results obtained in figures 4.5 and 4.6. Fig 4.7 and 4.8 show that tablets produced using lactose had high optimum hardness to those produced by calcium phosphate. In a similar fashion the values for friability and disintegration time for tablets produced using lactose were high in comparison to those produced by calcium phosphate. However literature (Marinelli, 2009) suggests that lactose is also more water soluble than calcium phosphate therefore it will dissolve and provide a pathway for diffusion of drug and erosion of matrix, leading to a faster (lower dinintegration time) release of drug from matrix tablets (in comparison to calcium phosphate). Different Processess: The two different sets of processes used in this lab were direct compression and wet massing Fig 4.9) Shows relationship between friability, hardness disintegration time for tablet produced by the process (wet massing) , excipient (Lactose) binder (PVP) Optimum Hardness: 3.78 Kp Optimum Friability: 1.1 % Optimum Disintegration Time: 2.15 (time/ decimal mins) Fig 4.10 ) Shows relationship between friability, hardness disintegration time for tablet produced by the process (Direct Compression) excipient (Lactose) Optimum Hardness: 3.00 Kp Optimum Friability: 0.480 % Optimum Disintegration Time: 0.15 (time/ decimal mins) Thus by the help of the figure 4.8 and 4.9 it can be clearly seen that tablets produced by direct compression show lower optimum hardness, lower value for friability and lower value for disintegration time. Wet massing on the other hand results in tablets formed with high optimum hardness value, high friability value and high disintegration time. It is also worth mentioning at this stage that direct compression process required DC lactose and calcium phosphate of higher grades (Direct compression formulations require good flow in order to maintain proper weight uniformity) whereas low grade regular lactose and calcium phosphate were used for wet massing (during wet massing low grade excipients were used however the granules produced could have been affected by sieving) With regards to wet massing, it is generally agreed that there will exist an optimum range of granule sizes for a particular formulation, and therefore certain generalizations are worthy to note here. Within limits, smaller granules will lead to higher and more uniform tablet weight and higher tablet crushing strength, with subsequent longer disintegration time and reduced friability. The strength of granules has also been shown to influence the tensile strength of the tablets prepared from them, with stronger granules leading, in general to harder tablets (Marinelli, 2009). Conclusion: Fianlly to sum up everything, it was seen in this lab that all the set of tablets produced (hard, soft medium) via different processes or by different excipients or binders , all of them passed the uniformity of weight test. Concerning binders, in this lab PVP seem to stand superior to Klucel (however this might not always be the case). Regarding excipients both lactose and calcium phosphate could be used. As , calcium phosphate has higher density, hence higher compressibility. Therefore in such a case low compression weight would be required to produce hard tablets with less friability. Whereas in case of lactose it has lower tapped density hence poor compressibility. This suggests that at lower pressures it will be elastic and therefore a higher compression weight will be required to produce hard tablets with lesser/lower friability. Lastly , both DC and wet massing were used to produce tablets however tablets produced by DC had shorter disintegration time in compariso n to those produced by wet massing.

Comparing Poe’s Fall of the House of Usher and Taylor’s Venus, Cupid, F

Edgar Allan Poe’s The Fall of the House of Usher and Peter Taylor’s Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time Various authors develop their stories using gothic themes and characterizations of this type to lay the foundation for their desired reader response. Although Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† and Peter Taylor’s â€Å"Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time† are two completely different narratives, both of these stories share a commonality of gothic text representations. The stories take slightly different paths, with Poe’s signifying traditional gothic literature and Taylor approaching his story in a more contemporary manner. Gothic texts are typically characterized by a horrifying and haunting mood, in a world of isolation and despair. Most stories also include some type of supernatural events and/or superstitious aspects. Specifically, vampires, villains, heroes and heroines, and mysterious architecture are standard in a gothic text. Depending upon the author, a gothic text can also take on violent and grotesque attributes. As an overall outlook, â€Å"gothic literature is an outlet for the ancient fears of humanity in an age of reason† (Sacred-Texts). Following closely to this type of literature, Edgar Allan Poe uses a gloomy setting, isolation, and supernatural occurrences throughout â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†. From the onset of the story, it is apparent that Poe is employing a gothic theme upon his work. The narrator’s portrayal of the home of his longtime friend, Roderick Usher was as follows, â€Å"I looked upon the scene before me – upon the bleak walls – upon the vacant eye-like windows – upon a few rank sedges – and upon a few white trunks of decayed trees† (Poe, 75). T... ... Poe’s â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†, they both can be classified collectively under gothic literature. In other words, although these stories exhibit two completely different plots, it has been found that they have matching frameworks. Works Cited Bronzino, Agnolo. Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time. 27 Mar. 2003 arthp/bio/b/bronzino/biograph.html>. Oates, Joyce Carol. â€Å"Realism of Distance, Realism of Immediacy [Review of The Collected Stories]. Critical Essays on Peter Taylor. Ed. Hubert H. McAlexander. New York: G. K. Hall & Company, 1993. Sacred-Texts: Gothic. 3 Apr 2003 . Taylor, Peter. â€Å"Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time†. The Literature of the American South: A Norton Anthology. Ed. William L. Andrews. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998. PID 8308 1 Marlow Engl. 12 Sect. 24

Training audit

Training Needs Identification: Does the organization have and regularly use a systematic, ongoing training needs assessment process, using either a task analysis or a strategic needs assessment method, to Identify specific knowledge, skills, attitudes, and/or behaviors needing Improvement? Yes: After the training Is complete the trainer then gives each trainee an evaluation and asks for them to return in within a week so that they can gain feedback that has been thought about and eased.This also gives them a chance to use the training on the job to see how it goes when you apply the training. 2. Interactive Training: Does training engage the adult learner interactively, whether in an instructor-led classroom environment, self-paced, or blended training delivery, so that knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behavioral change has a greater opportunity to occur?Yes: The training takes place in a classroom whit a trainer that teaches with examples that apply to the lesson as well as activit ies. These help the trainee to understand what they to know and in some ways see how o apply In within their Job before they are In the position to do so. These examples and actively are eased when the feedback from trainees come In. This helps the trainer to keep the classes understood without confusion later. 3.Qualified Trainers and Content Providers: Whether performed by In-house training staff, internal subject matter experts, or external content providers and/or trainers, has a training professional reviewed and approved the qualifications and training materials of all providers to ensure that they will produce a high quality training experience? Yes: The trainer met with focus groups, met with supervisors, observed, and met with other HARD directors while to do the research for this training class. After the research she met with a committee to review and asses the design and delivery.This helps bring in many ideas and different viewpoints to see what may make it better befor e it Is implemented. She then met with vendors to help make the final changes to the training. The managers are required to attend the first session so that they are able to learn and support the trainee as well. 4. Demonstrated Management Support: Is management clearly committed to supporting the training effort? Is there clear evidence that reinforces this assumption? Yes: The managers are to attend the first training session so that they may support the trainee and help them through not only the trainee but to help and show the trainee the support.This helps them to learn what how a manger supports their employees. 5. Evaluation Processes: Are evaluation processes in place and consistently used? Is action taken once evaluation data is collected and analyzed? Yes: Each trainee is to fill out an evaluation and return it within a week of the completion of the training. This gives the trainee efficiently amount of time to fill it out accurately. When it Is returned then the trainer r eads what was written and asses once again. This information gives them the chance to change the things that needs Improvement and to know what Is being obtained correctly.This will Improve the training and bring updates as they are needed. 6. Training Database: Does a training database track targeted and actual employee participation in training programs and other vital training information? Are training professionals, and managers? No: This training does not track the participation of the trainees, however they do have sessions after the training to gather information from the managers. The trainer also monitors the trainees as the training happens. There are reports that are generated with the evaluation that the trainees fill out and the sessions with the managers after the training.

The Poor Condition Of Native Americans - 1184 Words

Many factors have contributed to the abysmal condition of Native Americans in the United States. Two of which had the most impact have been poverty and alcoholism. There are many possible reasons why Native American’s were introduced to alcohol. For instance, their religious practice incorporated alcohol to be able to achieve a transcendent experience. It was not escape from reality that Native Americans sought, but more about fulfillment and discovery of oneself. However, Native Americans were uneducated of how potent alcohol was and what was to come from it being abused by the uneducated, and younger generations. Unfortunately, Native Americans have played a more ambiguous role on proliferating and facilitating the spread of alcohol throughout their communities. Alcohol has led to many health conditions in Native Americans, including kidney failure, and blindness. These health conditions have also led to diabetes, and with little hope from loss of land, Natives Americans st ill to this day live in poverty. Alcohol was introduced to Native Americans in the early 1700’s by European colonists. Most Native Americans could not even obtain alcohol, unless given through trade. That was until in Southwest America a beverage known as Tesvino, made from fermented corn was created and used during special rituals. Other groups such as the Pimos and Papago’s joined and created alcohol from a cactus called Saguro and used it for rituals to create rain. Alcohol was originally initiatedShow MoreRelatedThe Reservation Land For Native Americans980 Words   |  4 PagesChief Justice John Marshall started Native Americans along the slippery slope to poverty when he established a federal doctrine that assigns the government as trustees of Indian affairs. 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Ethical Issues in the Pelican Brief - 1372 Words

In the hit book, The Pelican Brief, John Grishams depiction of lawyers who will do anything for money and their clients presents an interesting ethical dilemma. In the book, two Supreme Court justices are killed by a hired assassin, Khamel. FBI, CIA, and the press are working hard to find who the killer is. The only people who know the truth are attorneys from White and Blazevich, Nathaniel Jones (also known as Einstein), Jarreld Schwabe, Marty Velmano, and F. Sims Wakefield and their client, Victor Mattiece. The action commences when Darby Shaw writes a brief about who she thinks is responsible for the deaths of two Supreme Court Justices, Rosenberg and Jensen. She shows the document to Thomas Callahan, her professor and lover. He†¦show more content†¦Collecting the fee up front is certainly consistent with the practices of many practical and ethical lawyers. Unless there is a written fee agreement, and there is certainly no evidence to support the existence of one in the b ook, funds paid by a client at the beginning of the representation are presumed to be an advance fee payment. Advance fees, of course, must be deposited into a trust account, and withdrawn only when earned. Retainers aren’t usually â€Å"†¦ten percent of the net profits from the wells,† and real lawyers must know the requirement (Grisham 339). One of the solutions to this ethical dilemma could be to sign a retainer. If White and Blazevich attorneys want money, why wait? Let Mattiece sign a retainer, pay them, and wait for Court’s decision. Nathaniel Jones (also known as Einstein), Jarreld Schwabe, Marty Velmano, and F. Sims Wakefield are all relying on being paid for their services after the decision on the case. They could save a lot of money and avoid jail if they would follow standard Model Rules. Just because F. Sims Wakefield â€Å"†¦was very close to Victor Mattiece and often visited him in the Bahamas,† it is not an exception to conflict- of-interest situations. Even if Victor Mattiece is a friend of F. Sims Wakefield, he should pay for services rendered, or the attorney couldShow MoreRelatedDignity Is The Foundation Of Our American Criminal Justice System1732 Words   |  7 Pagesthat dignity should be the foundation of our American Criminal Justice system. As I will discuss in the following paragraphs, Brown V. Plata has allowed for a number of substantial improvements in the moral and ethical treatment of incarcerated individuals. To begin, I’ll provide a brief account of dignity, incorporating the ideologies of Anthony Kennedy and Michel Foucault to supplement my own account. 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Organizational Social Life in Urban Places An...

How organization social life urban places play ethnography Anderson argues that common rhythms of societal response can be identified in similar public spaces. It is clear that the way individuals behave in noisy environments where they are constantly avoiding interaction with objects and bodies differs from convivial mingling. Alternatively, Anderson claims that places that exhibit similar patterns of vitality, usage, and organization have similar social traits (Anderson 67). To illustrate this, relatively busy and safe spaces open any frenzy is given slight regulation regardless of whether these spaces are libraries, museums, retail centers, squares, or parks. It appears that these places are marked by the ethos of researched trust in the situation. Mechanisms are used to negotiate bodies and space in these environments. These mechanisms appear to render the familiar strange and the strange familiar. Transactions are carried out in a safe and efficient manner: threat resulting from anticipation of violence, anxiety, and fear is always avoi ded. The participants have appreciated the benefits consciously and tactful in public places. Social experiences in public places domesticate diversity and complexities in urban places (Burfeind 18). Forgetting of the social and cultural accomplishments are likely to occur because of the myriad self-interest, rapid and continual influx, increased unfamiliarity and cities of immense diversity. This pattern of collective response hasShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Social And Cultural Theory3491 Words   |  14 Pagesare analysed by highlighting the sorts of social theory that have been applied and developed in them, and how they ‘lighten what we perceive and experience’ in our early years, families, career lives, identity tussles and political orientations. 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Human Resource Strategy Implementation and Impact

Question: Discuss about the Human Resource Strategy for Implementation and Impact. Answer: Introduction: This report has been constructed to give an idea about the sustainable human resource management. Human resource management has taken an important place in the organizational structures due to its ability to manage different situations, sometimes complications concerning to the human capital. On addition, human resource management covers a vast area to handle the activities from recruitment and selection procedure to the development, wage system and the employee retention. Here, the paper has been done on a particular case of First Hospital. CEO of the hospital requires an acknowledgment on the importance of a proper separate authority of the Human Resource Management (HRM). This report has detailed on the validation behind the construction of this report. Theory related to the human resource management has also been given here. Apart from that, this report has made few recommendations for the CEO of the hospital so that he could adopt an appropriate measure for the good of the hospital. Furthermore, this report has also responsibly delivered an explanation on the different major features of the Sustainable Human Resource Management. Analysis on the topic: Researchers had started to discuss on the opposite approach of the human resource management long before. However, the discussion has been given more attention due to the emerging trend of the organizational context and the market scenario. Human capital is the main asset of an organization and is responsible for the success and maximum production of a firm (Bamberger, Biron Meshoulam, 2014). Critical issues can arise in an organization from different aspects such as payroll, working culture, working schedule, work-life balance, recognition, decision making and so on., Bratton and Gold (2012), mentions that healthcare service requires 24/7 attention -from service providers to the clients and patients; thus, the entire working scenario can be very stressing for the employees. To manage such situations adequate knowledge and proper strategic evaluation is necessary from a human resource manager. Here, the First Hospital lacks a proper human resource management structure for its workfo rce. Consequently, it has become a puzzled situation for both the authority and the employees of the organization. As mentioned by, Buller and McEvoy (2012), if an organization lacks a supervising and controlling authority, employees lack motivation which gradually results in lower performance, low rate of employee retention (high employee turnover), absenteeism and turnover and poor service quality. To obtain a positive recognition in the market and shine out among the competitors an organization should strictly follow human resource management guidelines and approaches (Delahaye, 2015). Being a CEO, he or she must understand the fact that a stable base of HRM makes the organizations foundation stronger. This report has focused on exploring and analyzing the current situation, identifying and specifying the organizational issues, and suggests practical and probable solutions and how HRM is important for a firm. Sustainability in case of human resource management is increasing in popularity day by day. This is due to HRMs ability to balance between the employees and management and organizations needs (Dias, 2016). In an attempt to make the topic easier to understand a theory can be followed to understand major factors that should be looked after by the company to make the employees satisfied and attached with the organization. Here, Herzberg's theory has been discussed to be aware of the factors: Herzberg proposed a two-factor theory to obtain the employee satisfaction and make them motivated towards their work. These two factors are motivators and hygiene theory. Motivators: These factors give the employee positive feelings towards the company policy, rules and regulations (Ehnert Harry, 2012). Motivators involve recognition of the performance, having importance from the organization, involvement into the decision-making processes, accomplishment of challenging work etc. This dimension helps in the personal development and improvement of the performance. Hygiene theory: Hygiene theories are responsible for creating any dissatisfaction among the employees (Jackson, Schuler Jiang, 2014). Hygiene factors include job assurance, salary, working condition, monetary benefits etc. These factors are called Hygiene factors because these can be maintained by the organizations so that dissatisfaction of the employees can be avoided. This theory is relevant to this topic because it will help to understand that these factors should be maintained by the human resource management while handling the employee issues. Recommendation for the CEO of the First Hospital: First Hospital lacks a functional structure of the human resource management and the CEO has neglected the issue employees are facing due to the absence of management for their concern. As mentioned by, Kramar (2014), if a comparison can be drawn between the two companies from similar industry and with similar strength, however, one with HRM and another one without HRM, it could be easily found that the company which is lacking the HRM facility is more vulnerable to any kind disruption in the organizational structure. To make the fact clear, Mello (2014), mentioned that employees get easily demotivated and confused over various instructions from different authority if there is no HRM to guide them properly. Moreover, tend to leave the company is also high if there is no such distinct governing body of human resource management. Recommendations are as follows to help the CEO of First Hospital in the improvement of the current situation: Recognition of a separate entity for HRM: The CEO should immediately recognize the importance of the HRM in the context of disturbed condition across the organization and instruct to form a separate authority of the HRM to follow up the issues related to the employees. Cooperate with the HRM: Cooperation between the human resource management and the authority of the company is one of the major steps because it is the ultimate step to eliminate the conflicts and any kind of contradictory situations across the organization (Mondy Martocchio, 2016). CEO must announce the expectancy of the suggestions of the human resource management is mandatory so that human resource department can be encouraged to take decisions on its own. Formation of trustworthy relationship: Sometimes the employees, as well as the senior authorities, get disappointed with the provisions of the human resource management; however, the authority of the company must acknowledge and trust on the knowledge and strategies of the human resource management that has been taken for the sake of the employees as well as the organization (Riley, 2014). If the organization relies on the activities of the HRM, it would be helpful to take more challenging steps that can be proved beneficial for the enterprise. Holding communicative relation: Communication is one of the major approaches that is important to make the relationship between any two dimensions effective and functional (Storey, 2014). If the CEO is frequently connected with the HRM department it will help the CEO to be aware of the activities across the organization and performance of the employees. Moreover, the CEO will also be aware of the differences that have been made by the activities of the HRM. Evaluation of the feedback: This measure has been recommended to understand how the HRM has developed the previous structures through the effective approaches to the human resource management. For the practical approach of this step, the CEO can organize conferences and meetings with the HRM and any selected representative of the employees and ask for the feedback from them. In this regard, survey can also be conducted to know whether recognition of the human resource management for the hospital is viable or not. Features of the Sustainable Human resource management: Sustainable Human Resource Management is the approach where the company involves the development of the human resources to enhance the quality of the knowledge and performance along with obtaining a long-term vision for the organization by maintaining effective relationship with the partners and stakeholders of the company (De Cieri Kramar, 2005). The main objective is to nurture the qualities and competencies of the employees so that better recognition of the organization can be obtained. As mentioned by Maley (2014), sustainability in human resource management acts as a driving factor that can make the organization competitively strong. The major characteristics of the sustainable human resource management are: Employee selection and their development: It is important because it is the primary step for an organization to make their goal successful. The HRM must consider those employees who have basic knowledge about the work and potentiality to accomplish the given task (Jiang et al. 2012).After selection of the potential employees, the HRM can undergo the developmental session if it finds that employees are required training sessions to improve their skill and knowledge. Go hand-in-hand with the shareholders and partners of the organization: It is another important approach to holding a sustainable management. This approach helps the organization by preparing it for a long run in the business. As mentioned by, Clarke and Patrickson (2013), if the organization does not share any goodwill with its partners it will definitely affect the activities as well as hamper the performance of the employees. Moreover, an effective relationship among the stakeholders, partners and other institutions is necessary to maintain the continuity of the functions of the organization. Focus on the employee satisfaction: Sustainable approach of the human resource management majorly looks after the employee satisfaction (Ehnert Harry, 2012). To make the employee satisfied different approaches are taken such as recognition of the performance of the employees, provision of the monetary compensation, maintenance of the health and safety issues, working culture, flexibility in the working schedule and work-life balance. These approaches are influential in improving the quality of the performance of the employees. Moreover, it also helps in employee retention for an organization. According to, Storey (2014), employees feel secure and important if their basic requirements are fulfilled by the organization. In this regard, it can be said if an organization follows sustainability in the working culture it encourages the employees to participate in the various activities of the organization. Moreover, the HRM asks the employees for the contribution in the decision-making pr ocess. Furthermore, the Herzberg's two-factor theory, as mentioned above is also valid in this context as an organization with the approach of sustainability used to follow the provisions of the theory to make the employees satisfied with their working life. Conclusion: Therefore, this report has covered all the aspects to satisfy the requirement of the topic. It has clearly stated the issue that has occurred with First hospital. To maintain an analytical approach to the content, this report has included a theory on the employee satisfaction. Herzberg's motivation and hygiene theory has been selected in this report. As the CEO of the First hospital is least considered about the current situation of the organization that involves the absence of a proper human resource management authority, recommendations have been given to make this report approachable to the present scenario of the First hospital. Moreover, this report has included a detailed account of the sustainable human resource management. Various approaches have been discussed here on the different measures of this approach so that the report could be helpful. This report has positively established the measures of the sustainable human resource management along with maintenance of the accountability on the recommendations; hence, this report can be further revised while doing any extensive research on this topic. Reference list: Bamberger, P. A., Biron, M., Meshoulam, I. (2014).Human resource strategy: Formulation, implementation, and impact. Routledge. Bratton, J., Gold, J. (2012).Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Buller, P. F., McEvoy, G. M. (2012). Strategy, human resource management and performance: Sharpening line of sight.Human resource management review,22(1), 43-56. Clarke, M., Patrickson, M. (2013).12 Human Resource Management in Australia.Managing Human Resources in Asia-Pacific,20. De Cieri, H., Kramar, R. (2005).Human resource management in Australia: Strategy, people, performance. McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Limited. Delahaye, B. (2015).Human resource development.Tilde Publishing. Dias, L. (2016). Human resource management.Human Resource Management. Ehnert, I., Harry, W. (2012). Recent developments and future prospects on sustainable human resource management: introduction to the special issue.Management revue, 221-238. Jackson, S. E., Schuler, R. S., Jiang, K. (2014).An aspirational framework for strategic human resource management.The Academy of Management Annals,8(1), 1-56. Jiang, K., Lepak, D. P., Hu, J., Baer, J. C. (2012). How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms.Academy of management Journal,55(6), 1264-1294. Kramar, R. (2014). Beyond strategic human resource management: is sustainable human resource management the next approach?.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(8), 1069-1089. Maley, J. (2014). Sustainability: the missing element in performance management.Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration,6(3), 190-205. Mello, J. A. (2014).Strategic human resource management. Nelson Education.Nickson, D. (2013).Human resource management for hospitality, tourism and events.Routledge. Mondy, R., Martocchio, J. J. (2016).Human resource management.Human Resource Management, Global Edition. Riley, M. (2014).Human resource management in the hospitality and tourism industry.Routledge. Storey, J. (2014).New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals).Routledge.